RHETORICAL PATTERNS

· Purpose: To entertain/ to tell a story. · Its elements are characters, actions, setting, and narrator. · The events are organized chronologically although flashbacks and foreshadowing may be used. · Its superstructure is: Beginning development end. · The verbs are usually in past tense, although they are also possible in present tense. · The reader assumes that the content is not real. · Dialogues are included · The actions are organized in time. · There are few transition signals.	· Purpose: To give characteristics/ to describe. · Vividly descriptive details are given through words that appeal to the senses (sight, sound, smell, taste, touch and feeling). · It is possible to use of figurative language by employing “words, phrases, symbols, and ideas such as simile, hyperbole, metaphor, symbolism and personification in such as way as to evoke mental images and sense impressions”. (Genres of Writing, n.d.) · Vivid and precise adjectives, adverbs and verbs when describing the topic are used. · The elements are organized in the space. · There are few transition signals. · It is often included in other patterns.	· Purpose: To explain. It seeks to inform, explain, clarify, define, instruct. · Expository writing appears in and is not limited to letters, essays, definitions, summaries, instructions, guidebooks, catalogues, newspaper articles, magazine articles, how-to writing, pamphlets, reports and research papers…(Genres of Writing, n.d.) · Expository writing includes: 1. a main idea (narrow enough to be supported in the writing); 2. supporting ideas using quotes, statistics, examples, and/or facts from any available reliable resource to instruct the reader including published books, researches, Internet, television, etc.; 3. a conclusion to restate the topic and main supporting ideas. (Genres of Writing, n.d.) · The content is based on facts and concepts; therefore, the reader assumes that the content of the text is true as it belongs to the real word. It has credibility · Objective, precise vocabulary is used. · It is the product of analysis and synthesis of ideas and concepts. · The parts do not follow a chronological/sequential order. · It uses a lot of transition signals which show explicitly the nature of the semantic connection of the ideas. · It is divided into other subcategories: o Definition o Classification o Process o Cause/effect o Comparison/contrast	· Purpose: To persuade. The author gives an opinion about a controversial topic trying to convince the audience that this point of view is valid or trying to persuade the reader to do something about it. · Some examples of this writing may be found in letters to the editor, editorials, advice columns, award nominations, essays, pamphlets, petitions, opinion writing and advertisements. (Genres of Writing, n.d.) · The topics developed are usually controversial. · It is subjective. · “It presents the ideas logically, factually & clearly. Possible formats could include a comparison and contrast between the two debatable sides to the topic.” (Genres of Writing, n.d.) · To support the opinions, the writer must provide facts using statistics, examples, researches, quotes, opinions from experts. · Modal verbs like should, have to, ought to are common. · Counter-arguments are basic in argumentation, which are followed by refutations supported by facts. · The writers usually end with a strong conclusion in which they usually restate the most compelling evidence or call for an action.